Journal article
Out-of-Distribution With Respect to What? Four Referents Behind One Predicate, and Why OOD Detection Results Do Not Transfer to Foundation-Model Reasoning
(c) 2026 Pranay Mahendrakar. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Out-of-distribution detection was formalised for a setting in which the training distribution is known, the label space is closed, and a designated test set stands in for everything outside it. Foundation models satisfy none of those…