Journal article
An Unknown Unknown Is Defined Relative to an Oracle: Four Places External Judgement Enters Blind-Spot Discovery, and Why the Self-Detection Results Do Not Remove It
(c) 2026 Pranay Mahendrakar. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. An unknown unknown is standardly defined as an input on which a model makes a high-confidence mistake. The definition is not incidental to the research problem; it fixes its shape. A quantity defined by the conjunction of high confidence and…