Journal article
Refusal Is Not a Rate: What a Context-Conditioned Refusal Policy Would Have to Specify, Why the Benchmarks That Score Context Assume It Is Verified, and the Provenance Term No Instrument Prices
(c) 2026 Pranay Mahendrakar. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. A language model that refuses a harmful request and a model that refuses a harmless one produce the same event, and most of the literature on the jailbreak/over-refusal trade-off counts both as one refusal rate. The standard proposal for…